The quote "I am called a dog because I fawn on those who give me anything, I yelp at those who refuse, and I set my teeth in rascals" is attributed to Diogenes of Sinope, a prominent figure in the philosophical school of Cynicism. Diogenes was known for his ascetic lifestyle and his belief that virtue was better revealed through action than theory. His comparison of himself to a dog reflects several key aspects of his philosophy and his approach to life.
Firstly, the dog metaphor serves as a sort of self-contained guide to Diogenes' ethics. By saying he "fawns on those who give me anything," Diogenes acknowledges a level of practicality in his interactions. He recognizes that some level of interdependence exists within society, where goods, services, or favors may be exchanged. However, it's worth noting that Diogenes lived in great simplicity, rejecting material wealth and societal norms, so the "giving" here could be understood more broadly, not necessarily as material gifts but perhaps as acts of kindness or wisdom.
The phrase "I yelp at those who refuse" reflects Diogenes' confrontational nature, especially toward those who are not virtuous or honest. Diogenes was known for his sharp wit and for challenging the social and moral status quo of his time. He was unafraid of pointing out the hypocrisy or shortcomings of people, whether they were ordinary citizens or powerful figures like Alexander the Great. This part of the quote captures the essence of his often abrasive approach to teaching by exposing the flaws or ethical lapses in others.
Lastly, when Diogenes says, "I set my teeth in rascals," he emphasizes the active, assertive aspect of his philosophy. He doesn't just passively accept the wrongdoings of unethical individuals but actively opposes them. This isn't about physical aggression but rather a form of moral or intellectual combat, aimed at correcting or at least exposing vice. It speaks to a form of courage and a willingness to confront issues head-on, which are key elements of the Cynical philosophy.
This metaphor of the dog also aligns well with the etymology of the word "Cynic." The term comes from the Greek word "kynikos," which means "dog-like." Diogenes and other Cynics of his time intentionally lived in a way that was considered dog-like: sleeping in barrels or tubs, begging for food, and rejecting societal norms of decency to live in accordance with nature and virtue. The comparison to a dog can be seen as a form of embracing this dog-like, natural way of life that focuses on the essentials and rejects unnecessary complications or pretensions.
In summary, Diogenes' statement "I am called a dog because I fawn on those who give me anything, I yelp at those who refuse, and I set my teeth in rascals" is a multi-layered expression of his own philosophy and persona. It encapsulates his ethical pragmatism, his confrontational approach to societal norms and individual behavior, and his active stance against what he perceived to be immoral or unethical. Through the metaphor of the dog, Diogenes summarizes key tenets of Cynicism and provides a glimpse into his own unique approach to philosophy and life.
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